Return to site

Spelregels Blackjack Casino

broken image


  • Appendices
  • Miscellaneous
  • External Links
  1. Spelregels Blackjack Casino Games
  2. Spelregels Blackjack Casino Poker
  3. Spelregels Blackjack Casino No Deposit
  4. Spelregels Blackjack Casino No Deposit
  5. Blackjack Casino Games

On This Page

Blackjack is an exciting gambling game, and the excitement is further heightened when you play it at a land-based casino. The game is fun even if you play it at home with friends or on your computer or mobile device. Many casinos today pay blackjacks at less than 3:2 at some tables; for instance, single-deck blackjack tables often pay 6:5 for a blackjack instead of 3:2. Blackjack games almost always provide a side bet called insurance, which may be played when dealer's upcard is an ace. Additional side bets, such as 'Dealer Match' which pays when the player.

Rules

I overhear a lot of bad gambling advice in the casinos. Perhaps the most frequent is this one, 'The object of blackjack is to get as close to 21 as possible, without going over.' No! The object of blackjack is to beat the dealer. To beat the dealer the player must first not bust (go over 21) and second either outscore the dealer or have the dealer bust. Here are the full rules of the game.

  1. Blackjack may be played with one to eight decks of 52-card decks.
  2. Aces may be counted as 1 or 11 points, 2 to 9 according to pip value, and tens and face cards count as ten points.
  3. The value of a hand is the sum of the point values of the individual cards. Except, a 'blackjack' is the highest hand, consisting of an ace and any 10-point card, and it outranks all other 21-point hands.
  4. After the players have bet, the dealer will give two cards to each player and two cards to himself. One of the dealer cards is dealt face up. The facedown card is called the 'hole card.'
  5. If the dealer has an ace showing, he will offer a side bet called 'insurance.' This side wager pays 2 to 1 if the dealer's hole card is any 10-point card. Insurance wagers are optional and may not exceed half the original wager.
  6. If the dealer has a ten or an ace showing (after offering insurance with an ace showing), then he will peek at his facedown card to see if he has a blackjack. If he does, then he will turn it over immediately.
  7. If the dealer does have a blackjack, then all wagers (except insurance) will lose, unless the player also has a blackjack, which will result in a push. The dealer will resolve insurance wagers at this time.
  8. Play begins with the player to the dealer's left. The following are the choices available to the player:
    • Stand: Player stands pat with his cards.
    • Hit: Player draws another card (and more if he wishes). If this card causes the player's total points to exceed 21 (known as 'breaking' or 'busting') then he loses.
    • Double: Player doubles his bet and gets one, and only one, more card.
    • Split: If the player has a pair, or any two 10-point cards, then he may double his bet and separate his cards into two individual hands. The dealer will automatically give each card a second card. Then, the player may hit, stand, or double normally. However, when splitting aces, each ace gets only one card. Sometimes doubling after splitting is not allowed. If the player gets a ten and ace after splitting, then it counts as 21 points, not a blackjack. Usually the player may keep re-splitting up to a total of four hands. Sometimes re-splitting aces is not allowed.
    • Surrender: The player forfeits half his wager, keeping the other half, and does not play out his hand. This option is only available on the initial two cards, and depending on casino rules, sometimes it is not allowed at all.
  9. After each player has had his turn, the dealer will turn over his hole card. If the dealer has 16 or less, then he will draw another card. A special situation is when the dealer has an ace and any number of cards totaling six points (known as a 'soft 17'). At some tables, the dealer will also hit a soft 17.
  10. If the dealer goes over 21 points, then any player who didn't already bust will win.
  11. If the dealer does not bust, then the higher point total between the player and dealer will win.
  12. Winning wagers pay even money, except a winning player blackjack usually pays 3 to 2. Some casinos have been short-paying blackjacks, which is a rule strongly in the casino's favor.

Wizard's Simple Strategy

I've been preaching for years that to play blackjack properly requires memorizing the basic strategy. However, after pitching the basic strategy for 20 years, I've learned that few people have the will to memorize it. In my book, Gambling 102, I presented a 'Simple Strategy,' which is seven simple rules to playing blackjack. The cost due to incorrect plays with the Simple Strategy is 0.53%, under liberal Vegas Strip rules.

Ever since my book was published it has bothered me that the cost in errors to my Simple Strategy was too high. So in September 2009 I developed the following 'Wizard's Strategy.' The cost due to imperfect plays is 0.14% only, relative to liberal Vegas Strip rules. That is the cost of one hand for about every 12 hours of play. Compared to the 250 cells in the Basic Strategy, the Wizard's Strategy has only 21, as follows.

Let me be perfectly clear that this strategy is not right 100% of the time. I continue to get Emails saying that when this strategy was used with my practice game, the player was corrected for following it. For example, my simple strategy says to stand on 12 against a 2, when it is mathematically better to hit. If you want to learn a strategy that is correct all the time you should use the appropriate basic strategy for the set of rules you are playing.

Here are some comments of clarification.

  • A 'hard' hand is one that either has no aces, or has aces that are forced to count as point, lest the hand bust. A 'soft' hand is one with at least one ace, which may still count as one or eleven points.
  • With a hard 10 or 11, double if you have more points than the dealer, treating a dealer ace as 11 points. Specifically, double with 10 against a 2 to 9, and with 11 against 2 to 10.
  • If the strategy says to double, but you have three or more cards, or table rules don't allow soft doubling, then hit, except stand with a soft 18.
  • If the strategy says to surrender (16 vs. 10), but you can't for whatever reason, then hit.
  • If the strategy says to 'not split,' then treat the hand has a hard total of 8, 10, or 20, according to the pair in question.

A reader named Jeff provided another table of my simple strategy, with exceptions in small print. Details about the Wizard's Simple Strategy can be found in my Blackjack appendix 21.

Basic Strategy

For the appropriate basic strategy for just about any set of rules, please visit my basic strategy calculator. I still have my traditional charts too:

House Edge


Play my custom-made blackjack game. A special feature is that it tells you when you make a mistake in basic strategy. Choose from various numbers of decks and rule variations.

See my Blackjack House Edge Calculator to determine the house edge under 6,912 possible rule combinations.

Rule Surveys

Las Vegas: I'm proud to feature up date blackjack rules for every casino in Las Vegas. The list is updated monthly, based on Stanford Wong's Current Blackjack Newsletter. Effective November 2009 the survey has been moved to my companion site, WizardOfVegas.com.

Rule Variations

Following is a list of some common rule variations and the effect on the player's expected return compared to standard U.S. rules (8 decks, dealer stands on soft 17, double after split allowed).

Rule Variations

RuleEffect
Single deck0.48%
Early surrender against ten0.24%
Player may double on any number of cards0.23%
Double deck0.19%
Player may draw to split aces0.19%
Six-card Charlie0.16%
Player may resplit aces0.08%
Late surrender0.08%
Four decks0.06%
Five decks0.03%
Six decks0.02%
Split to only 3 hands-0.01%
Player may double on 9-11 only-0.09%
Split to only 2 hands-0.10%
European no hole card-0.11%
Player may not double after splitting-0.14%
Player may double on 10,11 only-0.18%
Dealer hits on soft 17-0.22%
Blackjack pays 7-5-0.45%
Blackjack pays 6-5-1.39%
Blackjacks pay 1 to 1-2.27%
I also have a longer list of rule variations.

Beware Short Pays on a Blackjack

Spelregels Blackjack Casino Games

More and more tables are showing up that pay less than the full 3 to 2 on a blackjack. Most of these tables pay 6 to 5, but some even money and 7 to 5 tables are known to exist. I would estimate that 10% of '21' tables in Las Vegas now pay less than 3 to 2. In my opinion, only games that pay 3 to 2 deserve to be called 'blackjack,' the rest fall under '21' games, including Super Fun 21 and Spanish 21. Regardless of the other rules, you should demand nothing less than 3 to 2 blackjack. You should always check the felt to be sure, and if the felt doesn't say, look for a sign. If nothing says the win on a blackjack, then ask.

Articles about 6-5 Blackjack:
  • Taking a hit: New blackjack odds further tilt advantage toward the house, Las Vegas Sun, Nov. 13, 2003.
  • Tighter blackjack rules would hurt players' bankroll, Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Feb. 4, 2011.

Bad Strategies

Three popular bad strategies encountered at the blackjack table are: never bust, mimic the dealer, and always assume the dealer has a ten in the hole. All three are very bad strategies. Following are my specific comments on each of them, including the house edge under Atlantic City rules (dealer stands on soft 17, split up to 4 hands, double after split, double any two cards) of 0.43%.

Never bust: For my analysis of this strategy I assumed the player would never hit a hard 12 or more. All other decisions were according to correct basic strategy. This 'never bust' strategy results in a house edge of 3.91%.

Mimic the dealer: For my analysis of this strategy I assumed the player would always hit 16 or less and stand on17 or more, including a soft 17. The player never doubled or split, since the dealer is not allowed to do so. This 'mimic the dealer' strategy results in a house edge of 5.48%.

Assume a ten in the hole: For this strategy I first figured out the optimal basic strategy under this assumption. If the dealer had an ace up, then I reverted to proper basic strategy, because the dealer would have peeked for blackjack, making a 10 impossible. This 'assume a ten' strategy results in a house edge of 10.03%.

Play Blackjack

Practice your blackjack game using my two training tools.


Practice Basis Strategy

Practice Card Counting

Written by: Michael Shackleford

Get closer to 21 than the dealer without going over.

Premium Blackjack is a variant of standard Blackjack that features the Perfect Pair and 21+3 side games. For information on the rules and differences to the standard game, proceed straight to the 'Rules' section.

TO PLAY THE GAME

Spelregels blackjack casino poker
  • This game can be played with up to five hands. In order to play, you must place a bet on at least one of your hands. Every hand may have a different bet amount.
  • To place a bet, click on a chip in the bottom left of the screen to select your chip value. Click on one of the available betting areas (the 5 larger circles) to place the bet. Every click increases your bets by the value of the selected chip.
  • Side bets can be placed on the 'Player's Pair' or the '21+3' betting areas under any of your hands to the left or right respectively, as well as on the 'Dealer's Pair' betting area near the dealer's hand. In each game round, you can place one 'Dealer's Pair' side bet, and a 'Player's Pair' and '21+3' side bet for each of your own hands that has a regular bet placed on it.
  • You can click CLEAR BETS to remove all bets from the table.
  • Clicking DOUBLE doubles every bet you have placed on the table.
  • Click UNDO to remove the last bet made from the table.
  • The minimum and maximum bet limits depend on your VIP level and are shown at the top of the table. The limits apply to the initial bet only. Actions that require an additional bet (Split, Insurance, and Double) can still be used even if you placed a bet equal to the maximum bet.
  • Click the DEAL button to deal the cards.2 cards are dealt to each of the player's hands and to the dealer's hand. The cards are dealt clockwise one at a time to each hand in turns, with the first card going to the rightmost player hand. The last card goes to the dealer hand and is dealt face down.
  • If you are playing more than one hand, actions are taken for each hand separately, starting from the rightmost hand once the cards have been dealt.
  • If the dealer's face up card is an Ace, you are offered insurance. Click ACCEPT to insure a hand against the dealer having Blackjack or click APPLY TO ALL to insure all hands. If you do not want insurance, click DECLINE and APPLY TO ALL to decline insurance for all hands.
  • If your first two cards have the same value, you can split your hand by clicking SPLIT.
  • Click HIT to request another card or click DOUBLE to double your bet and receive a third card. If you do not want any more cards, click STAND.
  • Please note that Insurance, Double and Split require an additional bet. If your balance does not have enough money to cover these expenses, you will need to deposit more money to use these options.
  • When you have played your final hand the dealer then reveals the dealer's face down card and may draw additional cards, in accordance with the rules.
  • When the dealer has stopped taking cards each of your hands is compared to the dealer's hand. If your hand has a higher value than the dealer's and has not exceeded 21, you win with that hand.
  • If any hand value reaches 22 or more, it is bust and automatically loses.
  • If you want to play another round, place bets as described above or click REBET to place the same bets as in the previous round, then click DEAL to deal the cards. Click REBET & DEAL to place the same bets as in the previous round or DOUBLE & DEAL to place doubled bets of the previous round and deal cards immediately.

BUTTONS

DEAL – Deal the cards.

CLEAR BETS – Clear the table of all bets.

Regels blackjack casino

UNDO – Remove your last bet.

HIT – Request one more card.

STAND – Draw no more cards and end your turn.

DOUBLE – When no cards have been dealt yet, this button doubles all bets on the table. When cards have been dealt, this button doubles the bet on the selected hand and requests a third and final card.

SPLIT – Split the hand into two if you hold a pair.

REBET – Place the same bets as in the previous round.

REBET & DEAL – Place the same bets as in the previous round and deal the cards.

DOUBLE & DEAL – Double your bets from the previous round and deal the cards.

ACCEPT – Click to accept Insurance and protect your bet for the current hand in case the dealer has Blackjack.

DECLINE – Click to decline Insurance against the dealer having Blackjack and skip bet protection for the current hand.

APPLY TO ALL – Click to either accept or decline Insurance for all hands against the dealer having Blackjack.

RULES

The object of Premium Blackjack is to get a hand that totals 21 or is closer to 21 than the dealer's hand without exceeding 21.

The value of a hand is the sum of the individual cards values. Blackjack is the highest hand and consists of two cards: an ace and any 10-point card. Blackjack beats a score of 21.

You can choose 1 to 5 hands to play on in a game round. The chosen hands are played clockwise, starting from your rightmost hand. The dealer's hand is played last. You may split, double and take insurance, just like in standard Blackjack.

Premium Blackjack is a variant of Blackjack with the following rules:

  • 6 decks of cards are used. After each round, used cards are returned to the deck and the deck is shuffled.
  • Aces count as either 1 or 11, face cards count as 10 and number cards count at their face values.
  • The player may not split a split hand.
  • Only one card is drawn to each Ace in a split hand.
  • The player may double after splitting.
  • The dealer will not automatically check for Blackjack, regardless of the value of the dealer's first face-up card.
  • Ace and a 10-point card after a split are considered 21, and not Blackjack.
  • Blackjack pays 1.5 times the bet amount (3 to 2).
  • If the total value of the player's cards is closer to 21 than the dealer's after the dealer has stopped taking cards, the player wins the bet amount (1 to 1).
  • If the total of the player's cards is more than 21, the player's hand is 'bust' and the player automatically loses the bet for that hand.
  • If the player and the dealer have the same point total (17 to 21), neither of them wins and the player's bet is returned to the player in a 'push'.
  • The dealer always draws to 16. The dealer stands when the dealer's hand has a value of 17 or greater (including soft 17). The dealer does not draw when the player is 'bust'.
  • If the dealer's first card is an Ace, and the player then doubles, and the dealer then reveals Blackjack, then the player loses the doubled bet.
  • If the dealer's first card has a 10-point value, and the player then doubles, and the dealer then reveals Blackjack, then the doubled bet is returned to the player.
  • Blackjack beats a score of 21.

SPLIT

If your first 2 cards have the same value then you may split them into 2 separate hands. The second hand will have the same bet as the hand it was split from. You will then draw additional cards to each hand. You may draw as many cards as you like on each split hand, unless you split 2 aces (in which case you can receive only 1 additional card for each ace). If you receive an ace and a 10-value card in a split hand, it is considered 21 and not Blackjack.

DOUBLE

You can double your bet on a hand before you take a third card. You cannot double the bet on a hand after taking a third card. After doubling a bet, a third and final card will be dealt to you automatically. You can double on all your hands, if you wish. You can also double your bet on a split hand.

Spelregels blackjack casino games
  • This game can be played with up to five hands. In order to play, you must place a bet on at least one of your hands. Every hand may have a different bet amount.
  • To place a bet, click on a chip in the bottom left of the screen to select your chip value. Click on one of the available betting areas (the 5 larger circles) to place the bet. Every click increases your bets by the value of the selected chip.
  • Side bets can be placed on the 'Player's Pair' or the '21+3' betting areas under any of your hands to the left or right respectively, as well as on the 'Dealer's Pair' betting area near the dealer's hand. In each game round, you can place one 'Dealer's Pair' side bet, and a 'Player's Pair' and '21+3' side bet for each of your own hands that has a regular bet placed on it.
  • You can click CLEAR BETS to remove all bets from the table.
  • Clicking DOUBLE doubles every bet you have placed on the table.
  • Click UNDO to remove the last bet made from the table.
  • The minimum and maximum bet limits depend on your VIP level and are shown at the top of the table. The limits apply to the initial bet only. Actions that require an additional bet (Split, Insurance, and Double) can still be used even if you placed a bet equal to the maximum bet.
  • Click the DEAL button to deal the cards.2 cards are dealt to each of the player's hands and to the dealer's hand. The cards are dealt clockwise one at a time to each hand in turns, with the first card going to the rightmost player hand. The last card goes to the dealer hand and is dealt face down.
  • If you are playing more than one hand, actions are taken for each hand separately, starting from the rightmost hand once the cards have been dealt.
  • If the dealer's face up card is an Ace, you are offered insurance. Click ACCEPT to insure a hand against the dealer having Blackjack or click APPLY TO ALL to insure all hands. If you do not want insurance, click DECLINE and APPLY TO ALL to decline insurance for all hands.
  • If your first two cards have the same value, you can split your hand by clicking SPLIT.
  • Click HIT to request another card or click DOUBLE to double your bet and receive a third card. If you do not want any more cards, click STAND.
  • Please note that Insurance, Double and Split require an additional bet. If your balance does not have enough money to cover these expenses, you will need to deposit more money to use these options.
  • When you have played your final hand the dealer then reveals the dealer's face down card and may draw additional cards, in accordance with the rules.
  • When the dealer has stopped taking cards each of your hands is compared to the dealer's hand. If your hand has a higher value than the dealer's and has not exceeded 21, you win with that hand.
  • If any hand value reaches 22 or more, it is bust and automatically loses.
  • If you want to play another round, place bets as described above or click REBET to place the same bets as in the previous round, then click DEAL to deal the cards. Click REBET & DEAL to place the same bets as in the previous round or DOUBLE & DEAL to place doubled bets of the previous round and deal cards immediately.

BUTTONS

DEAL – Deal the cards.

CLEAR BETS – Clear the table of all bets.

UNDO – Remove your last bet.

HIT – Request one more card.

STAND – Draw no more cards and end your turn.

DOUBLE – When no cards have been dealt yet, this button doubles all bets on the table. When cards have been dealt, this button doubles the bet on the selected hand and requests a third and final card.

SPLIT – Split the hand into two if you hold a pair.

REBET – Place the same bets as in the previous round.

REBET & DEAL – Place the same bets as in the previous round and deal the cards.

DOUBLE & DEAL – Double your bets from the previous round and deal the cards.

ACCEPT – Click to accept Insurance and protect your bet for the current hand in case the dealer has Blackjack.

DECLINE – Click to decline Insurance against the dealer having Blackjack and skip bet protection for the current hand.

APPLY TO ALL – Click to either accept or decline Insurance for all hands against the dealer having Blackjack.

RULES

The object of Premium Blackjack is to get a hand that totals 21 or is closer to 21 than the dealer's hand without exceeding 21.

The value of a hand is the sum of the individual cards values. Blackjack is the highest hand and consists of two cards: an ace and any 10-point card. Blackjack beats a score of 21.

You can choose 1 to 5 hands to play on in a game round. The chosen hands are played clockwise, starting from your rightmost hand. The dealer's hand is played last. You may split, double and take insurance, just like in standard Blackjack.

Premium Blackjack is a variant of Blackjack with the following rules:

  • 6 decks of cards are used. After each round, used cards are returned to the deck and the deck is shuffled.
  • Aces count as either 1 or 11, face cards count as 10 and number cards count at their face values.
  • The player may not split a split hand.
  • Only one card is drawn to each Ace in a split hand.
  • The player may double after splitting.
  • The dealer will not automatically check for Blackjack, regardless of the value of the dealer's first face-up card.
  • Ace and a 10-point card after a split are considered 21, and not Blackjack.
  • Blackjack pays 1.5 times the bet amount (3 to 2).
  • If the total value of the player's cards is closer to 21 than the dealer's after the dealer has stopped taking cards, the player wins the bet amount (1 to 1).
  • If the total of the player's cards is more than 21, the player's hand is 'bust' and the player automatically loses the bet for that hand.
  • If the player and the dealer have the same point total (17 to 21), neither of them wins and the player's bet is returned to the player in a 'push'.
  • The dealer always draws to 16. The dealer stands when the dealer's hand has a value of 17 or greater (including soft 17). The dealer does not draw when the player is 'bust'.
  • If the dealer's first card is an Ace, and the player then doubles, and the dealer then reveals Blackjack, then the player loses the doubled bet.
  • If the dealer's first card has a 10-point value, and the player then doubles, and the dealer then reveals Blackjack, then the doubled bet is returned to the player.
  • Blackjack beats a score of 21.

SPLIT

If your first 2 cards have the same value then you may split them into 2 separate hands. The second hand will have the same bet as the hand it was split from. You will then draw additional cards to each hand. You may draw as many cards as you like on each split hand, unless you split 2 aces (in which case you can receive only 1 additional card for each ace). If you receive an ace and a 10-value card in a split hand, it is considered 21 and not Blackjack.

DOUBLE

You can double your bet on a hand before you take a third card. You cannot double the bet on a hand after taking a third card. After doubling a bet, a third and final card will be dealt to you automatically. You can double on all your hands, if you wish. You can also double your bet on a split hand.

INSURANCE

If the dealer's first face up card is an Ace you will be given a chance to insure each of your regular bets against the dealer having Blackjack. If you take Insurance then an amount equal to half your original bet will be deducted from your balance and placed separately on the table. If the dealer has Blackjack, you are paid 2 to 1 on your insurance. This way you do not lose your original bet (because you receive the value of your original bet plus the insurance amount back). If the dealer does not have Blackjack, you lose the insurance amount. Insurance does not affect any side bets.

10-CARD CHARLIE

It is theoretically possible for the player to draw 10 cards without going bust. In this case the player's hand automatically wins, except when the dealer has Blackjack. 10-Card Charlie is also applicable on a split hand.

SIDE BETS

A side bet is a wager you can make beyond the regular game bet to get an extra win even if your regular game hand does not win. The side bet payout depends on the combination that the cards form.

PERFECT PAIRS

You can place a Player's Pair side bet on the 'Player's Pair' betting area, found beneath each regular betting area, for each of your hands that has a regular bet placed on it. The Dealer's Pair side bet can be placed on the 'Dealer's Pair' betting area near the dealer's hand once per game round. This type of side bet wins when the first two cards in the hand form a Perfect Pair, a Colored Pair or a Red/Black Pair.

  • Perfect Pair means that your, or the dealer's, first two cards form a pair of the same suit (for example, two 4 of Diamonds cards).
  • Colored Pair means that your, or the dealer's, first two cards form a pair of the same color but different suits (for example, 4 of Diamonds and 4 of Hearts).
  • Red/Black Pair means that your, or dealer's first two cards form a pair, but with different colors and suits (for example, 4 of Diamonds and 4 of Spades).

21+3 BETS

You can place a 21+3 side bet on the '21+3' betting area, found beneath each regular betting area, for each of your hands that has a regular bet placed on it. This side bet wins if your first two cards and the dealer's first card form a Flush, Straight, Three of a Kind, Straight Flush or Suited Three of a Kind combination.

Spelregels Blackjack Casino Poker

The Perfect Pair, Colored Pair, Red/Black Pair, and 21+3 combinations pay in accordance with the paytable below.

Side bets cannot be placed without placing a regular bet. All types of side bets can be placed at the same time.

PAYTABLE

WinningsPays
Winning Hand1:1
Insurance2:1
Blackjack3:2
Perfect Pair25:1
Colored Pair12:1
Red/Black Pair6:1
Suited Three of a Kind100:1
Straight Flush40:1
Three of a Kind30:1
Straight10:1
Flush5:1

The payout format used here means that when you win, you get back your bet plus an amount that is a multiple of your bet.

Note on disconnections: if you are disconnected from the Internet in the middle of the game, log in again into the casino. You will be automatically directed back to the game and you can continue the game from the point where it was broken. If you re-open the game without re-logging into the casino, the game will start from the very beginning. In both cases, your previous wins will be paid.

To check the results of your old games or find additional details about recent games, click the History button, available in the Menu. Use your regular username and password to log in and check the outcome of previous rounds of both desktop and mobile version of the game.

Spelregels Blackjack Casino No Deposit

Note on malfunctions: a malfunction voids all pays and plays.

Note on unresolved bets: unresolved bets placed become void after 90 days.

Spelregels Blackjack Casino No Deposit

The theoretical percentage return to player (RTP) is 99.58%.

The theoretical percentage return to player (RTP) for the 21+3 side bet is 95.38%.

The theoretical percentage return to player (RTP) for Player's/Dealer's pairs side bet is 93.89%.

Blackjack Casino Games

Laatste wijzigingsdatum: 4-4-2019





broken image